Calicut University Curriculum Compliance — Module I Overview

Course Code: COM6EJ308(4) • Course Title: Computerized Accounting with Tally • Semester: VI • Credits: 4 • Contact Hours: 60
Module I Title: COMPUTERIZED ACCOUNTING FUNDAMENTALS & MASTER SETUP (15 Contact Hours)
Syllabus Units Covered: Unit 1: Introduction to Tally — Architecture, Interface (Gateway of Tally, Button Bar, Go To feature), Company Creation & Alteration, Security Controls • F11 Company Features (Accounting, Inventory, Statutory/Taxation) & F12 Configurations • Chart of Accounts & Accounting Groups — The 28 Predefined Groups (15 Primary & 13 Secondary Groups), Creating Custom Groups • Accounting Ledgers — Ledger Creation, Group Allocation, Opening Balances • Accounting Vouchers — Voucher Types (Contra F4, Payment F5, Receipt F6, Journal F7, Sales F8, Purchase F9, Debit Note Alt+F5, Credit Note Alt+F6) & Voucher Entry Mechanics • Inventory Management — Stock Groups, Stock Categories, Stock Items, Units of Measure (Simple & Compound), Multi-Godowns/Locations & Inventory Vouchers • Calicut University Academic Examination Bank (Part A: 2 Marks, Part B: 5 Marks, Part C: 10/15 Marks).

1. Overview: The Digital Transformation of Financial Accounting

Manual bookkeeping systems, with their separate paper journals, sub-ledgers, cash books, and trial balances, are structurally incapable of meeting the speed, volume, and statutory compliance demands of modern corporate commerce. Computerized Accounting automates the entire accounting cycle: when a primary transaction voucher is recorded, the software instantaneously updates the general ledger, recalculates inventory balances, adjusts trial balance columns, and generates real-time financial statements (Profit & Loss Account and Balance Sheet).

Tally Prime (and Tally.ERP 9) represents the gold standard enterprise resource planning (ERP) platform for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) across India and the Global South. Designed around a "no-code, concurrent multi-lingual" architecture, Tally operates on a real-time relational data engine that requires no explicit posting routines or period-closing batches. Module I establishes the operational foundations: navigating the Gateway of Tally, configuring company masters, mastering the 28 predefined accounting groups, processing multi-class vouchers, and setting up multi-location inventory hierarchies.

The Four Structural Pillars of Tally Accounting Masters Module I Architecture

1. INTERFACE & COMPANY SETUP

• Navigation: Gateway of Tally (GOT), Go To (Alt+G), and Top Menu Bar.
• Company Creation: Financial year beginning, books beginning, and base currency.
• F11 & F12 Controls: Enabling multi-currency, cost centres, and voucher behavior.

2. CHART OF ACCOUNTS & GROUPS

• The 28 Predefined Groups: 15 Primary groups and 13 Secondary sub-groups.
• Balance Sheet vs. P&L Groups: Strict mathematical classification hierarchy.
• Custom Sub-Groups: Tailoring chart of accounts to specific industry niches.

3. LEDGER MASTERS & VOUCHERS

• Ledger Accounts: Creating customer, supplier, bank, and expense ledgers.
• Accounting Vouchers: F4 (Contra), F5 (Payment), F6 (Receipt), F7 (Journal).
• Invoicing Vouchers: F8 (Sales), F9 (Purchase), and Debit/Credit Notes.

4. INVENTORY MANAGEMENT MASTERS

• Stock Groups & Items: Categorizing product lines and tracking item SKUs.
• Units of Measure (UOM): Simple (Nos, Kgs) and compound units (Box of 12).
• Multi-Godowns & Stock Journal: Inter-warehouse transfers and physical stock taking.

2. Workspace Navigation, Company Creation & Configuration Controls

A. Anatomic Architecture of the Tally Interface

The Tally interface is engineered for rapid keyboard-driven transaction entry:

Gateway of Tally (GOT): The central command dashboard divided into functional sections: Masters (Create, Alter, Chart of Accounts), Transactions (Vouchers, Day Book), Utilities (Banking), and Reports (Balance Sheet, Profit & Loss A/c, Stock Summary, Ratio Analysis).
Top Menu Bar: Houses global administrative options: Company (Alt+K) for company selection and security, Data (Alt+Y) for backup and restore, Exchange (Alt+Z) for data synchronization, Import/Export (Alt+O / Alt+E), and Print (Alt+P).
'Go To' Search Engine (Alt+G): A powerful navigational breakthrough in Tally Prime allowing users to search any report, master, or voucher entry from anywhere in the software without exiting the current transaction screen.
Side Button Bar: Displays contextual function keys (F2 Date, F3 Company, F4 Contra, F5 Payment, F6 Receipt, F7 Journal, F8 Sales, F9 Purchase).
Calculator & Secondary Action Bar (Ctrl+N): An on-screen computational scratchpad that executes arithmetic calculations and transfers results directly into active voucher quantity and rate fields.

B. Company Creation and Initialization Parameters

When initializing a new enterprise accounting profile in Tally, the accountant configures foundational parameters:

Configuration Parameter	Data Input Field	Statutory & Accounting Function
Company Name & Mailing Name	Legal Registered Corporate Entity Name	Appears as header on all printed invoices, GST returns, and official balance sheets.
Financial Year Beginning From	`01-04-2024` (1st April of current year)	Defines the statutory 12-month financial reporting cycle in accordance with the Income Tax Act.
Books Beginning From	`01-04-2024` or date of business inception	The exact calendar date from which opening balances and transaction entries commence.
Base Currency Information	Symbol: `₹` • Formal Name: `INR` • Decimals: `2`	Governs currency formatting, paisa sub-units, and decimal rounding in all general ledgers.
Security & TallyVault	User Access Password / TallyVault Key	Encrypts database files on disk and restricts user access based on role permissions.

C. F11 Features vs. F12 Configuration

A crucial conceptual distinction exists between F11 and F12 controls:

F11: COMPANY FEATURES (GLOBAL SCOPE)

• Scope: Affects the entire company profile and all linked terminal users.
• Accounting: Enable multi-currency, bill-wise accounting, cost centres, budgets.
• Inventory: Enable multiple godowns, batch-wise details, order processing.
• Statutory: Enable Goods and Services Tax (GST), TDS, and TCS compliance.

F12: CONFIGURATION (LOCAL / VIEW SCOPE)

• Scope: Configures local user preferences for the active screen or workstation.
• Master Entry: Provide aliases, provide descriptions, allow multi-language names.
• Voucher Entry: Use Cr/Dr instead of To/By, warn on negative cash balance, show inventory details.
• Printing: Print bank details on invoice, show company seal, print terms of payment.

3. The Chart of Accounts: Mastering the 28 Predefined Groups

A. Theoretical Architecture of Tally Groups

In Tally, every ledger account must belong to a Group. Groups determine whether an account appears on the Balance Sheet or the Profit & Loss Account, and establish the mathematical behavior of financial statements.

Tally comes pre-loaded with exactly 28 Predefined Groups, organized hierarchically into 15 Primary Groups and 13 Secondary / Sub-Groups:

B. The 15 Primary Groups

Primary Group Name	Statement Placement	Accounting Characteristics & Standard Ledgers
Capital Account	Balance Sheet (Liabilities)	Owner equity capital, partner capital accounts, drawings, share capital.
Loans (Liability)	Balance Sheet (Liabilities)	Long-term and short-term debt borrowings from banks and financial institutions.
Current Liabilities	Balance Sheet (Liabilities)	Short-term operational obligations payable within 12 months.
Fixed Assets	Balance Sheet (Assets)	Long-term capital assets: Land, Buildings, Plant & Machinery, Computer Hardware.
Current Assets	Balance Sheet (Assets)	Liquid assets convertible into cash within one year: debtors, stock, bank balances.
Investments	Balance Sheet (Assets)	Capital invested outside business: Government bonds, shares, fixed deposits > 1 yr.
Suspense Account	Balance Sheet (Liabilities/Assets)	Temporary holding group for unexplained cash differences or un-reconciled receipts.
Branch / Divisions	Balance Sheet (Liabilities/Assets)	Inter-branch transfer accounts, head office control accounts.
Misc. Expenses (ASSET)	Balance Sheet (Assets)	Preliminary expenses, share issue expenses awaiting amortization.
Sales Accounts	Profit & Loss (Trading Credit)	Domestic sales, export sales, sales of scrap.
Purchase Accounts	Profit & Loss (Trading Debit)	Raw material purchases, goods purchased for resale, import purchases.
Direct Expenses	Profit & Loss (Trading Debit)	Manufacturing expenses: Factory wages, freight inward, carriage inward, power & fuel.
Direct Incomes	Profit & Loss (Trading Credit)	Operating revenues tied directly to production: job-work charges received.
Indirect Expenses	Profit & Loss (P&L Debit)	Administrative, selling, and financial overheads: salaries, rent, audit fees, advertising.
Indirect Incomes	Profit & Loss (P&L Credit)	Non-operating revenues: Bank interest earned, dividend income, rent received.

C. The 13 Secondary / Sub-Groups

The 13 sub-groups inherit characteristics from their parent primary groups:

Under Capital Account: Reserves & Surplus (General reserve, statutory reserve fund).
Under Loans (Liability): Secured Loans (Mortgage loans, vehicle loans), Unsecured Loans (Loans from directors/friends), Bank OD Accounts (Overdraft and cash credit limits).
Under Current Liabilities: Sundry Creditors (Trade suppliers), Duties & Taxes (GST, TDS, TCS, cess ledgers), Provisions (Provision for taxation, provision for bad debts).
Under Current Assets: Sundry Debtors (Trade customers), Bank Accounts (Current & savings accounts), Cash-in-hand (Petty cash, main cash ledger), Stock-in-hand (Closing inventory), Deposits (Asset) (Rent deposits, electricity security deposits), Loans & Advances (Asset) (Staff advances, short-term vendor advances).

4. Accounting Vouchers: Typology & Transaction Mechanics

A. Standard Accounting Vouchers in Tally

A voucher is the primary electronic document recording a financial transaction:

Shortcut	Voucher Type	Operational Rules & Real-World Transaction Examples
F4	Contra Voucher	Restricted strictly to internal transfers between Cash and Bank accounts. Examples: Depositing ₹25,000 cash into SBI current account; Withdrawing ₹10,000 from Federal Bank for office petty cash.
F5	Payment Voucher	Used for all outflows of funds via cash, bank transfer, or cheque. Examples: Paying office rent ₹18,000 by cheque; Paying staff salaries ₹85,000 via NEFT; Settling vendor dues.
F6	Receipt Voucher	Used for all inflows of money received into cash or bank accounts. Examples: Receiving ₹50,000 from debtor via UPI; Receiving interest of ₹4,200 credited by bank.
F7	Journal Voucher	Non-cash adjustment, transfer, and accrual transactions. Examples: Charging depreciation on machinery (`Depreciation A/c Dr. To Machinery A/c`); Writing off bad debts; Year-end accrued interest entries.
F8	Sales Voucher	Records cash and credit sales of goods/services to customers. Can be operated in Item Invoice mode (for inventory) or Accounting Invoice mode (for service billing).
F9	Purchase Voucher	Records cash and credit procurement of raw materials and trading merchandise from suppliers.
Alt+F5	Debit Note	Issued to a supplier when returning damaged goods (purchase return) or debiting them for price overcharges.
Alt+F6	Credit Note	Issued to a customer accepting returned goods (sales return) or granting special volume discounts.

5. Inventory Management Architecture in Tally

A. The Hierarchical Inventory Masters

Tally seamlessly integrates financial ledgers with physical stock tracking through a five-tier inventory master hierarchy:

1. STOCK GROUPS

• Product Classification: Groups items sharing similar physical or commercial attributes.
• Sub-Grouping: Electronics → Computers → Laptops.
• Tax Setting: GST rates and HSN codes can be assigned at the Stock Group level to inherit down to all items.

2. STOCK ITEMS

• Specific SKUs: The primary inventory unit bought, sold, and tracked.
• Item Definition: Dell Inspiron 15, HP LaserJet Toner 12A.
• Parameters: Assigned parent Stock Group, Unit of Measure, opening stock quantity, and valuation rate.

3. UNITS OF MEASURE (UOM)

• Simple Units: Unidimensional units: Nos, Kgs, Ltrs, Mtrs, Pcs, Box.
• Compound Units: Defined conversion relationships: 1 Box = 12 Nos, or 1 Dozen = 12 Pcs.
• Precision Decimals: Specifying decimal places (e.g., 3 decimals for Kilograms to track grams).

4. MULTI-GODOWNS / LOCATIONS

• Physical Sites: Tracking inventory across Central Godown, Retail Showroom, and Transit Bay.
• Stock Journal (Alt+F7): Inter-godown transfers (Source → Destination) and manufacturing assembly.
• Physical Stock (Ctrl+F7): Recording periodic audit counts to adjust inventory shrinkage.

6. Practical Empirical Case Studies

Case Study 1.1: Setting up Accounting & Inventory Masters for an FMCG Wholesale Distributor

Enterprise Context: Malabar Super Foods Ltd, a regional FMCG distributor in Kozhikode handling packaged foods, beverages, and toiletries, migrated from manual ledgers to Tally Prime.

Master Implementation Workflow:

F11 Features: Activated Maintain Inventory, Enable Multi-Godowns, and Enable GST with Kerala GSTIN 32AAACM1234F1Z5.
Inventory Structure: Created Stock Group "Dairy Products" (HSN 0401, GST 5%). Created Compound Unit 1 Crtn = 24 Pkts. Created Stock Item "Milma Toned Milk 500ml" linked to Godown "Cold Storage Bay A".
Transaction Execution: Passed an F9 Purchase voucher for 50 Cartons from supplier. Tally automatically updated the Accounts Payable ledger under Sundry Creditors while simultaneously increasing stock balance by 1,200 packets in the Stock Summary report.

Case Study 1.2: Correcting Voucher Entry Violations during Internal Audit

Enterprise Context: During a financial audit of a manufacturing firm, an internal auditor discovered that an inexperienced clerk had used F7 Journal vouchers to record cash sales and cash expenses.

Remedial Audit Action: Tally's fundamental rule states that F7 Journal vouchers must never involve Cash or Bank accounts. The auditor cancelled the irregular journal entries, retrained staff to route cash sales through F8 Sales (or F6 Receipt) and cash expenses through F5 Payment, thereby restoring the mathematical integrity of the automated Cash Flow Statement.

7. Calicut University Academic Examination Bank

Exhaustively curated for Calicut University B.Com Semester VI Elective: Computer Applications — COM6EJ308(4): Computerized Accounting with Tally (CUFYUGP 2024 Regulations). Specially formatted for superior academic performance.

Question 1 [Part A - 2 Marks]Workspace Navigation

What is the 'Go To' feature in Tally Prime? State its keyboard shortcut.

Standard Academic Answer:
The 'Go To' feature (keyboard shortcut Alt+G) is a universal search and navigation tool in Tally Prime that allows users to instantly discover and open any financial report, master, or voucher screen from anywhere in the software without leaving the current transaction.

Question 2 [Part A - 2 Marks]Controls Comparison

Distinguish between 'F11 Features' and 'F12 Configuration' in Tally.

Standard Academic Answer:
F11 Features controls global functionality for the entire company profile across all users (e.g., enabling GST or multi-godowns). F12 Configuration controls local user display preferences and entry behavior for the active screen or workstation (e.g., toggling Cr/Dr vs To/By).

Question 3 [Part A - 2 Marks]Predefined Groups

How many predefined groups exist in Tally? How are they categorized?

Standard Academic Answer:
There are exactly 28 Predefined Groups in Tally, categorized into 15 Primary Groups (9 Balance Sheet groups + 6 Profit & Loss groups) and 13 Secondary / Sub-Groups.

Question 4 [Part A - 2 Marks]Voucher Typology

What is a 'Contra Voucher' (F4)? Give two eligible business transactions.

Standard Academic Answer:
A Contra Voucher records internal funds transfers exclusively between Cash and Bank accounts within the enterprise.
Eligible transactions: (1) Depositing physical cash into a bank current account; (2) Withdrawing cash from bank for office petty cash.

Question 5 [Part A - 2 Marks]Inventory Setup

What is a 'Compound Unit of Measure'? Provide an example.

Standard Academic Answer:
A Compound Unit of Measure defines a fixed mathematical conversion relationship between two simple units of measure. Example: 1 Box = 24 Nos, or 1 Carton = 12 Packets.

Question 6 [Part A - 2 Marks]Return Vouchers

Distinguish between a 'Debit Note' (Alt+F5) and a 'Credit Note' (Alt+F6) in Tally.

Standard Academic Answer:
A Debit Note is issued to a supplier to record purchase returns or price reductions. A Credit Note is issued to a customer to record sales returns or price allowances granted.

Question 7 [Part A - 2 Marks]Inter-Warehouse Transfers

Which inventory voucher is utilized for inter-godown stock transfers in Tally? State its shortcut.

Standard Academic Answer:
The Stock Journal Voucher (keyboard shortcut Alt+F7) is utilized for inter-godown transfers (transferring items from Source Godown to Destination Godown) and manufacturing assemblies.

Question 8 [Part B - 5 Marks]Chart of Accounts

Explain the architectural structure of the 'Chart of Accounts' in Tally. Detail the 15 Primary Groups, segregating them into Balance Sheet and Profit & Loss groups.

Structured Model Answer:
Architecture of Chart of Accounts:
The Chart of Accounts in Tally is organized hierarchically around 28 predefined groups. Every ledger must be parented by a group, which dictates its financial statement destination.
The 9 Balance Sheet Primary Groups:
1. Capital Account: Proprietor/partner equity and reserves.
2. Loans (Liability): External borrowings and term loans.
3. Current Liabilities: Short-term operational obligations payable within 12 months.
4. Fixed Assets: Long-term capital property, plant, and equipment.
5. Current Assets: Liquid operating assets (debtors, cash, bank).
6. Investments: External financial assets held outside business.
7. Suspense Account: Temporary unclassified debit or credit balances.
8. Branch / Divisions: Inter-unit control accounts.
9. Misc. Expenses (ASSET): Unamortized fictitious assets (preliminary expenses).
The 6 Profit & Loss Primary Groups:
1. Sales Accounts: Trading credit revenues from sales of goods.
2. Purchase Accounts: Trading debit costs from merchandise purchases.
3. Direct Expenses: Trading debit manufacturing costs (wages, freight inward).
4. Direct Incomes: Trading credit operational service revenues.
5. Indirect Expenses: P&L debit administrative and selling overheads (rent, salaries).
6. Indirect Incomes: P&L credit non-operating receipts (interest, dividends).

Question 9 [Part B - 5 Marks]Voucher Processing

Detail the operational purpose, keyboard shortcuts, and accounting rules for the standard accounting vouchers: Contra (F4), Payment (F5), Receipt (F6), and Journal (F7).

Structured Model Answer:
1. Contra Voucher (F4):
• Purpose: Records internal cash-to-bank or bank-to-bank funds movements.
• Accounting Rule: Both Debit and Credit legs must involve only Cash or Bank ledgers. Never used for payments to third parties.
2. Payment Voucher (F5):
• Purpose: Records all financial disbursements via cash, cheque, or electronic transfer.
• Accounting Rule: Expense / Creditor A/c is debited; Cash / Bank A/c is credited.
3. Receipt Voucher (F6):
• Purpose: Records all monetary inflows received by the business.
• Accounting Rule: Cash / Bank A/c is debited; Customer / Revenue / Capital A/c is credited.
4. Journal Voucher (F7):
• Purpose: Non-cash adjusting, closing, and rectification entries.
• Accounting Rule: Neither Cash nor Bank ledgers can be selected. Used exclusively for depreciation, bad debt write-offs, and inter-ledger transfers.

Question 10 [Part B - 5 Marks]Inventory Setup

Describe the procedure of creating and organizing Inventory Masters in Tally. Explain the significance of Stock Groups, Stock Items, Units of Measure, and Godowns.

Structured Model Answer:
Procedure and Architecture of Inventory Masters:
Navigate to Gateway of Tally → Create (under Masters) → Inventory Masters:
1. Units of Measure (UOM): Created first because items require measurement units. Define simple units (Nos, Kgs, Box) or compound conversion units (1 Box = 10 Nos).
2. Stock Groups: Establishes product classification (e.g., Group = "Beverages"). Assign common GST rates (e.g., 12%) and HSN codes to streamline tax compliance.
3. Godowns / Locations: Defines physical warehouse sites (e.g., "Main Warehouse", "Showroom Bay") to enable multi-location tracking and inter-warehouse stock journals.
4. Stock Items: The core SKU master (e.g., "Red Label Tea 500g"). Linked to parent Stock Group, assigned the UOM, and populated with opening balance quantity, rate, and godown location.
Commercial Significance: Real-time automated stock valuation (FIFO, Weighted Average), immediate stock shortage alerts, and automatic cost of goods sold (COGS) computation in trading statements.

Question 11 [Part C - 10 Marks]Comprehensive Computerized Accounting Essay

Critically examine the operational and technological advantages of Computerized Accounting using Tally Prime over traditional manual accounting systems. Discuss how the integration of F11 Company Features, the 28 Predefined Groups, and real-time voucher processing enhances financial reporting accuracy and regulatory compliance.

Structured Comprehensive Essay Framework:
1. Introduction & The Paradigm Shift:
Computerized accounting with Tally represents a revolutionary leap from sequential manual record-keeping to unified relational financial intelligence. In manual systems, recording a transaction required separate entries in day books, posting to multiple ledger accounts, extraction of trial balance totals, and laborious final account compilation.
2. Core Technological Advantages of Tally:
• Single-Entry Posting Automation: Recording a single voucher automatically updates all subsidiary ledgers, trial balance, and balance sheet simultaneously.
• Real-Time Financial Reporting: Executive balance sheets and profit & loss statements are generated instantaneously at any point in the financial year.
• Mathematical Precision: Eliminates human arithmetic errors, casting mistakes, and ledger posting omissions.
3. The Structural Discipline of the 28 Predefined Groups:
• Groups impose strict architectural rigor: segregating capital assets from operating expenditures, ensuring trial balances always balance.
• Standardizes corporate chart of accounts across parent entities and regional branch subsidiaries.
4. Regulatory Compliance & Audit Trail:
• Seamless compliance with GST, TDS, and Companies Act mandates via F11 Statutory features.
• Built-in validation warnings (negative cash warnings, duplicate voucher alerts) enforce internal control discipline.
5. Conclusion:
Tally Prime transforms accounting departments from historical bookkeeping clerks into strategic financial analysts capable of delivering real-time commercial insights.

Question 12 [Part C - 15 Marks]Practical Voucher Processing & Master Setup Problem

(a) You are setting up a company 'Apex Trading Co' in Tally Prime. Outline the step-by-step master creation sequence, specifying the exact Parent Groups for the following ledgers: (1) SBI Current Account; (2) Sales Tax / Output CGST; (3) Factory Machinery; (4) Carriage Inward; (5) Office Electricity Expenses; (6) M/s Royal Enterprises (Customer); (7) Bank Overdraft Account; (8) General Reserve.
(b) State the exact Voucher Type (Contra F4, Payment F5, Receipt F6, Journal F7, Sales F8, Purchase F9, Debit Note Alt+F5, Credit Note Alt+F6) and draft the Debit/Credit journal entry for each of the following business transactions:
1. Withdrew ₹15,000 cash from SBI for office use.
2. Purchased goods worth ₹80,000 from Apex Suppliers on credit.
3. Sold goods worth ₹1,20,000 to M/s Royal Enterprises on credit.
4. Paid office rent ₹20,000 by SBI cheque.
5. Returned damaged goods worth ₹8,000 to Apex Suppliers.
6. Charged ₹12,000 annual depreciation on Factory Machinery.

Structured Model Answer:
Part (a): Master Setup & Group Allocation:
• Sequence: Gateway of Tally → Create → Ledger.
1. SBI Current Account: Under Bank Accounts (Sub-group of Current Assets).
2. Output CGST: Under Duties & Taxes (Sub-group of Current Liabilities).
3. Factory Machinery: Under Fixed Assets (Primary Group).
4. Carriage Inward: Under Direct Expenses (Primary Group - Trading Debit).
5. Office Electricity Expenses: Under Indirect Expenses (Primary Group - P&L Debit).
6. M/s Royal Enterprises: Under Sundry Debtors (Sub-group of Current Assets).
7. Bank Overdraft Account: Under Bank OD A/c (Sub-group of Loans Liability).
8. General Reserve: Under Reserves & Surplus (Sub-group of Capital Account).

Part (b): Voucher Classification & Accounting Entries:
1. Cash Withdrawal for Office Use (₹15,000):
• Voucher Type: F4 (Contra Voucher).
• Entry: Cash A/c Dr. ₹15,000 • To SBI Current A/c Cr. ₹15,000.

2. Credit Purchase of Goods from Apex Suppliers (₹80,000):
• Voucher Type: F9 (Purchase Voucher).
• Entry: Purchase A/c Dr. ₹80,000 • To Apex Suppliers A/c Cr. ₹80,000.

3. Credit Sales to M/s Royal Enterprises (₹1,20,000):
• Voucher Type: F8 (Sales Voucher).
• Entry: M/s Royal Enterprises A/c Dr. ₹1,20,000 • To Sales A/c Cr. ₹1,20,000.

4. Paid Office Rent by Cheque (₹20,000):
• Voucher Type: F5 (Payment Voucher).
• Entry: Rent Expense A/c Dr. ₹20,000 • To SBI Current A/c Cr. ₹20,000.

5. Returned Damaged Goods to Apex Suppliers (₹8,000):
• Voucher Type: Alt+F5 (Debit Note Voucher).
• Entry: Apex Suppliers A/c Dr. ₹8,000 • To Purchase Returns A/c Cr. ₹8,000.

6. Depreciation Charged on Machinery (₹12,000):
• Voucher Type: F7 (Journal Voucher).
• Entry: Depreciation A/c Dr. ₹12,000 • To Factory Machinery A/c Cr. ₹12,000.